All - on the analysis Leukocytes and a le...
All - on the analysis Leukocytes and a leukocyte
As the number of leukocytes in blood reflects a status of protective forces
organizma, this indicator interests doctors of all specialities. Him
determination enters into a minimum of researches which appoint all in a hospital or a polyclinic.
U the healthy person the number lejkotsitov in blood is changeable. After heavy physical job, bath reception gorjachej, at women in pregnancy, in the course of sorts and before nachalom menstruatsii it increases. Same occurs after reception pishchi. Therefore, that results of the analysis were objective, it it is necessary sdavat on an empty stomach, in the morning, not to have breakfast, it is possible to drink only a glass vody.
V to norm the maintenance of leukocytes in 1 l of blood of the adult person sostavljaet from 4,0-9,0x109. At children it above: at the age of one month of - 9,2-13,8x109/l, from 1 till 3 years - 6-17x109/л, at the age from 4 till 10 years of - 6,1-11,4x109/l.
Uvelichenie numbers of leukocytes name lejkotsitozom, umenshenie - lejkopeniej. Most often lejkotsitoz arises at sick s of infections (a pneumonia, a scarlet fever), purulent diseases (an appendicitis, a peritonitis, a phlegmon), strong burns. Leykocitoz develops during 1-2 ch after the beginning intensive krovotechenija. Pristup gouts also it can be accompanied lejkotsitozom. At some lejkozah the number of leukocytes increases in some tens times.
Hotja proniknovenie microbes in a human body usually stimulates immune sistemu therefore the number of leukocytes in blood increases, at nekotoryh infections the opposite picture is marked. If protective sily an organism are exhausted also immune system it is not capable to struggle, the number lejkotsitov decreases. So, for example, lejkopenija at a sepsis svidetelstvuet about a grave condition of the patient and adverse prognoze. Some infections (a belly typhus, a measles, krasnuha, wind ospa, a malaria, brutsellez, a flu, a virus hepatitis) suppress immune sistemu, therefore they can be accompanied lejkopeniej. Number lejkotsitov decrease is possible also at system red volchanke, some lejkozah and metastasises of tumours of bones.
Istochnikom lejkotsitov javljaetsja a bone brain. The irradiation, some medicinal means (butadion, cytostatics, protivoepilepticheskie preparations) damage ego. The insufficient number of leukocytes, projavljaetsja lejkopenija is as a result developed.
Lejkotsity differ on structure and naznacheniju. Among them distinguish granulotsity (nejtrofilnye, eozinofilnye, bazofilnye), and also limfotsity and monotsity. Granulocity contain granules which are painted by special dyes and are visible pod a microscope. Granules nejtrofilov - grey, eozinofilov - orange, bazofilov - violet.
Jadra mature nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov imejut peretjazhki - segments, therefore them name segmentojadernymi. В immature cages come to light extended palochkovidnye kernels - it nejtrofilnye palochkojadernye granulotsity. "Younger" nejtrofilnye granulotsity carry the name "metamielotsity" ("young").
Bolshe vsego in blood mature segmentojadernyh nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov, it is less - palochkojadernyh, young forms meet seldom. On a parity of number zrelyh and unripe forms it is possible to judge intensity krovetvorenija. At to the loss blood for its completion the organism starts to produce big kolichestvo cages. As they have not time to ripen in a bone brain, in krovi there are many unripe forms. Similar processes occur at gnojnyh diseases (an appendicitis, a peritonitis), a sepsis when organizm staraetsja to develop more cages-defenders. At lejkozah leukocytes nachinajut to breed uncontrolledly, therefore in blood too pojavljaetsja mnogo unripe forms.
Protsentnoe the parity of separate kinds lejkotsitov in peripheral blood is called lejkotsitarnoj formuloj. Ona pays off on 100 leukocytes. Lejkotsitarnaja the formula allows vrachu to present visually, it is a lot of what leukocytes, and what little. Study lejkotsitarnoj formulas helps with definition of degree of weight infektsionnogo of disease, in diagnostics lejkozov. The number nezrelyh increase nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov is called as shift lejkotsitarnoj formuly to the left.
Osnovnoe purpose nejtrofilov - protection of an organism against infections. They fagotsitirujut bacteria, to are "swallow" and "digest" them. Besides, nejtrofily special antimicrobic substances can vyrabatyvat.
Pri infections nejtrofily collect in a considerable quantity in a place of penetration baktery into an organism. Pus is not that other, as victims nejtrofily.
V norme in blood of the adult person palochkojadernye nejtrofily make 1-5 % of all leukocytes, segmentojadernye - 45-65 %. The increase in number nejtrofilov, especially unripe forms, testifies to infection presence (an abscess, an appendicitis, a pneumonia, a pyelonephritis, quinsy, a meningitis, sepsis). Similar changes are marked at a myocardium heart attack, burns, otravlenii by lead, strong krovopotere, lejkozah.
Pri some infektsijah (a belly typhus, a malaria, some forms of a tuberculosis, a hepatitis, gripp, measles, krasnuha) the number nejtrofilov, on the contrary, snizhaetsja. Umenshenie numbers nejtrofilov can occur at system red volchanke, influence of radiation and toxic chemical substances (aniline, benzene, cytostatics), at some anemias and lejkozah.
Eozinofily udaljajut surpluses gistamina which appears at allergic zabolevanijah. At infection gelmintami eozinofily get into a gleam kishechnika, collapse there, substances, toksichnye for gelmintov are as a result liberated.
V to norm the maintenance eozinofilov in blood sostavljaet of 1-5 % of all leukocytes. The number eozinofilov increases at bronhialnoj an asthma, allergic dermatite, a medicinal allergy, zarazhenii parasites (askaridy, ehinokokki, opistorhisy, ljamblii), at nekotoryh lejkozah and tumours, nodular periarteriite.
Ni one allergic reaction does not pass without participation bazofilov. They play a part in inflammation development.
V norme the maintenance bazofilov in blood insignificant - to 0,5 % of all. The number increase bazofilov meets extremely seldom- pri the allergic reactions some lejkozah, limfogranulematoze, snizhenii thyroid gland functions, at treatment by an estrogen.
R limfotsity - the main patrols of an organism. They check, whether molecules and microbes have got into it chuzherodnye, whether there were cages own organizma from under the control - whether mutirovali they, whether bezuderzhno began to breed, turning to a tumour.
Osnovnye informatory limfotsitov - makrofagi. They move on an organism, «samples» which have seemed to them suspicious collect, and deliver ih limfotsitam.
V to norm the maintenance limfotsitov in blood of the adult cheloveka makes 25-35 % of all leukocytes. At children till 6 years limfotsitov v blood much more, than nejtrofilov, and after 6 years the quantity limfotsitov decreases, and nejtrofilov - increases.
Uvelichenie chisla limfotsitov it is marked at some infections (a whooping cough, virus gepatit, tsitomegalovirusnaja an infection, a tuberculosis, a syphilis) and leucosises. At infectious mononukleoze the maintenance limfotsitov also raises, no thus their form changes and only outwardly they remind monotsity. From here and the illness name.
Snizhenie numbers limfotsitov (limfotsitopenija) it is characteristic for heavy virus diseases, zlokachestvennyh tumours, immunodeficiencies, and also at naznacheni And gljukokortikoidov.
Monotsity - there is not enough cage. They start to carry out the basic functions, kogda prevrashchajutsja in makrofagi - the big mobile cages which are prakticheski in all bodies and fabrics. makrofagi - original sanitary. They "eat" the bacteria, the lost cages, and can "swallow" the particles almost equal to them in the sizes. makrofagi as uzhe ukazyvalos, help limfotsitam with realisation of immune reactions.
V norme monotsity make 1-8 % of all leukocytes. Number monotsitov uvelichivaetsja at some infectious diseases (infectious mononukleoz, a malaria, a syphilis, brutsellez). At a tuberculosis the increase chisla monotsitov - a sign of activity of illness, is thus important the relation chisla monotsitov to number limfotsitov: in norm it makes 0,3-1, and at povyshenii activity of a tuberculosis - it is more 1. Number increase monotsitov vozmozhno at sarkoidoze, lejkozah, limfogranulematoze, system krasnoj volchanke, revmatoidnom an arthritis and some vaskulitah.
Inogda vrach is not content with one analysis of blood and appoints povtornyj. Takim image, it estimates dynamics of disease and efficiency lechenija. In some cases enough repeated definition only obshchego numbers of leukocytes without calculation lejkotsitarnoj formulas. In others sluchajah the doctor more detailed data about job immune sistemy interest. In this case it appoints immunogrammu. About this analysis speech pojdet in following number.
U the healthy person the number lejkotsitov in blood is changeable. After heavy physical job, bath reception gorjachej, at women in pregnancy, in the course of sorts and before nachalom menstruatsii it increases. Same occurs after reception pishchi. Therefore, that results of the analysis were objective, it it is necessary sdavat on an empty stomach, in the morning, not to have breakfast, it is possible to drink only a glass vody.
V to norm the maintenance of leukocytes in 1 l of blood of the adult person sostavljaet from 4,0-9,0x109. At children it above: at the age of one month of - 9,2-13,8x109/l, from 1 till 3 years - 6-17x109/л, at the age from 4 till 10 years of - 6,1-11,4x109/l.
Uvelichenie numbers of leukocytes name lejkotsitozom, umenshenie - lejkopeniej. Most often lejkotsitoz arises at sick s of infections (a pneumonia, a scarlet fever), purulent diseases (an appendicitis, a peritonitis, a phlegmon), strong burns. Leykocitoz develops during 1-2 ch after the beginning intensive krovotechenija. Pristup gouts also it can be accompanied lejkotsitozom. At some lejkozah the number of leukocytes increases in some tens times.
Hotja proniknovenie microbes in a human body usually stimulates immune sistemu therefore the number of leukocytes in blood increases, at nekotoryh infections the opposite picture is marked. If protective sily an organism are exhausted also immune system it is not capable to struggle, the number lejkotsitov decreases. So, for example, lejkopenija at a sepsis svidetelstvuet about a grave condition of the patient and adverse prognoze. Some infections (a belly typhus, a measles, krasnuha, wind ospa, a malaria, brutsellez, a flu, a virus hepatitis) suppress immune sistemu, therefore they can be accompanied lejkopeniej. Number lejkotsitov decrease is possible also at system red volchanke, some lejkozah and metastasises of tumours of bones.
Istochnikom lejkotsitov javljaetsja a bone brain. The irradiation, some medicinal means (butadion, cytostatics, protivoepilepticheskie preparations) damage ego. The insufficient number of leukocytes, projavljaetsja lejkopenija is as a result developed.
Lejkotsity differ on structure and naznacheniju. Among them distinguish granulotsity (nejtrofilnye, eozinofilnye, bazofilnye), and also limfotsity and monotsity. Granulocity contain granules which are painted by special dyes and are visible pod a microscope. Granules nejtrofilov - grey, eozinofilov - orange, bazofilov - violet.
Jadra mature nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov imejut peretjazhki - segments, therefore them name segmentojadernymi. В immature cages come to light extended palochkovidnye kernels - it nejtrofilnye palochkojadernye granulotsity. "Younger" nejtrofilnye granulotsity carry the name "metamielotsity" ("young").
Bolshe vsego in blood mature segmentojadernyh nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov, it is less - palochkojadernyh, young forms meet seldom. On a parity of number zrelyh and unripe forms it is possible to judge intensity krovetvorenija. At to the loss blood for its completion the organism starts to produce big kolichestvo cages. As they have not time to ripen in a bone brain, in krovi there are many unripe forms. Similar processes occur at gnojnyh diseases (an appendicitis, a peritonitis), a sepsis when organizm staraetsja to develop more cages-defenders. At lejkozah leukocytes nachinajut to breed uncontrolledly, therefore in blood too pojavljaetsja mnogo unripe forms.
Protsentnoe the parity of separate kinds lejkotsitov in peripheral blood is called lejkotsitarnoj formuloj. Ona pays off on 100 leukocytes. Lejkotsitarnaja the formula allows vrachu to present visually, it is a lot of what leukocytes, and what little. Study lejkotsitarnoj formulas helps with definition of degree of weight infektsionnogo of disease, in diagnostics lejkozov. The number nezrelyh increase nejtrofilnyh granulotsitov is called as shift lejkotsitarnoj formuly to the left.
nejtrofily
Osnovnoe purpose nejtrofilov - protection of an organism against infections. They fagotsitirujut bacteria, to are "swallow" and "digest" them. Besides, nejtrofily special antimicrobic substances can vyrabatyvat.
Pri infections nejtrofily collect in a considerable quantity in a place of penetration baktery into an organism. Pus is not that other, as victims nejtrofily.
V norme in blood of the adult person palochkojadernye nejtrofily make 1-5 % of all leukocytes, segmentojadernye - 45-65 %. The increase in number nejtrofilov, especially unripe forms, testifies to infection presence (an abscess, an appendicitis, a pneumonia, a pyelonephritis, quinsy, a meningitis, sepsis). Similar changes are marked at a myocardium heart attack, burns, otravlenii by lead, strong krovopotere, lejkozah.
Pri some infektsijah (a belly typhus, a malaria, some forms of a tuberculosis, a hepatitis, gripp, measles, krasnuha) the number nejtrofilov, on the contrary, snizhaetsja. Umenshenie numbers nejtrofilov can occur at system red volchanke, influence of radiation and toxic chemical substances (aniline, benzene, cytostatics), at some anemias and lejkozah.
Eozinofily
Eozinofily udaljajut surpluses gistamina which appears at allergic zabolevanijah. At infection gelmintami eozinofily get into a gleam kishechnika, collapse there, substances, toksichnye for gelmintov are as a result liberated.
V to norm the maintenance eozinofilov in blood sostavljaet of 1-5 % of all leukocytes. The number eozinofilov increases at bronhialnoj an asthma, allergic dermatite, a medicinal allergy, zarazhenii parasites (askaridy, ehinokokki, opistorhisy, ljamblii), at nekotoryh lejkozah and tumours, nodular periarteriite.
Bazofily
Ni one allergic reaction does not pass without participation bazofilov. They play a part in inflammation development.
V norme the maintenance bazofilov in blood insignificant - to 0,5 % of all. The number increase bazofilov meets extremely seldom- pri the allergic reactions some lejkozah, limfogranulematoze, snizhenii thyroid gland functions, at treatment by an estrogen.
Limfotsity
R limfotsity - the main patrols of an organism. They check, whether molecules and microbes have got into it chuzherodnye, whether there were cages own organizma from under the control - whether mutirovali they, whether bezuderzhno began to breed, turning to a tumour.
Osnovnye informatory limfotsitov - makrofagi. They move on an organism, «samples» which have seemed to them suspicious collect, and deliver ih limfotsitam.
V to norm the maintenance limfotsitov in blood of the adult cheloveka makes 25-35 % of all leukocytes. At children till 6 years limfotsitov v blood much more, than nejtrofilov, and after 6 years the quantity limfotsitov decreases, and nejtrofilov - increases.
Uvelichenie chisla limfotsitov it is marked at some infections (a whooping cough, virus gepatit, tsitomegalovirusnaja an infection, a tuberculosis, a syphilis) and leucosises. At infectious mononukleoze the maintenance limfotsitov also raises, no thus their form changes and only outwardly they remind monotsity. From here and the illness name.
Snizhenie numbers limfotsitov (limfotsitopenija) it is characteristic for heavy virus diseases, zlokachestvennyh tumours, immunodeficiencies, and also at naznacheni And gljukokortikoidov.
monotsity
Monotsity - there is not enough cage. They start to carry out the basic functions, kogda prevrashchajutsja in makrofagi - the big mobile cages which are prakticheski in all bodies and fabrics. makrofagi - original sanitary. They "eat" the bacteria, the lost cages, and can "swallow" the particles almost equal to them in the sizes. makrofagi as uzhe ukazyvalos, help limfotsitam with realisation of immune reactions.
V norme monotsity make 1-8 % of all leukocytes. Number monotsitov uvelichivaetsja at some infectious diseases (infectious mononukleoz, a malaria, a syphilis, brutsellez). At a tuberculosis the increase chisla monotsitov - a sign of activity of illness, is thus important the relation chisla monotsitov to number limfotsitov: in norm it makes 0,3-1, and at povyshenii activity of a tuberculosis - it is more 1. Number increase monotsitov vozmozhno at sarkoidoze, lejkozah, limfogranulematoze, system krasnoj volchanke, revmatoidnom an arthritis and some vaskulitah.
Inogda vrach is not content with one analysis of blood and appoints povtornyj. Takim image, it estimates dynamics of disease and efficiency lechenija. In some cases enough repeated definition only obshchego numbers of leukocytes without calculation lejkotsitarnoj formulas. In others sluchajah the doctor more detailed data about job immune sistemy interest. In this case it appoints immunogrammu. About this analysis speech pojdet in following number.